Genetic factors clearly affect environmentally induced maladies, and the environment may have profound influences on genetic diseases.Ģ.Pathogenesis. Although it is true that there would be no malaria without malarial parasites, no tuberculosis without tubercle bacilli, and no gout without a derangement in urate metabolism, not all individuals infected with these organisms or born with the metabolic abnormality develop the disease, or develop it at the same rate and with the same severity. But the concept of one cause leading to one disease- developed largely from the discovery of specific infectious agents as the causes of specific diseases- is no longer sufficient. Knowledge or discovery of the primary cause remains the backbone on which a diagnosis can be made, a disease understood, or a treatment developed. There are two major classes of etiologic factors: genetic and acquired (infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical, etc.). The four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology are (1) its cause (etiology), (2) the mechanisms of its development (pathogenesis), (3) the structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body (morphologic changes), and (4) the functional consequences of the morphologic changes (clinical significance).ġ.Etiology or Cause. The latter examines the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well-defined stimuli. The former is concerned with the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases. Traditionally the study of pathology is divided into general pathology, and special or systemic pathology. As a science, pathology focuses on the structural and functional consequences of injurious stimuli on cells, tissues, and organs and ultimately the consequences on the entire organism. Translated literally, pathology is the study (logos) of suffering (pathos).
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